Heap Sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm that uses a binary heap data structure. Its standout property: it is guaranteed O(n log n) in all cases — best, average, and worst — while using only O(1) extra memory. No Quick Sort worst-case surprises, no Merge Sort extra array. Key Concept — The Max-Heap A max-heap …
Quick Sort is one of the fastest and most widely used sorting algorithms. It uses a divide-and-conquer strategy: pick a pivot element, partition the array so everything smaller than the pivot is on its left and everything larger is on its right, then recursively sort each side. The pivot ends up in its final sorted …
A priority queue is a data structure where each element is served according to its priority rather than just the order it arrived. A multiple priority queue implements this with several separate queues — one per priority level — so that higher-priority items are always removed before lower-priority ones. This C program builds a simple …
A binary search tree (BST) in C is a binary tree where every node satisfies one invariant: all values in the left subtree are less than the node, and all values in the right subtree are greater. This ordering means search, insert, and delete all run in O(h) time — where h is the tree …
A doubly linked list in C extends the singly linked list by giving each node two pointers: one to the next node (next) and one to the previous node (prev). This bidirectional linkage lets you traverse the list in either direction and delete a node in O(1) given only a pointer to that node — …
A queue implemented with a linked list in C has no fixed size limit — it grows and shrinks dynamically using malloc and free. Each node holds a value and a pointer to the next node. Two pointers, front and rear, track the dequeue end and enqueue end respectively. Linked List Queue vs Array Queue …