C program to create a subsets using backtracking method.

C Program to find the subsets in the set. We use the backtracking method to solve this problem. Backtracking is the refinement method of Brute-Force method. Backtrack method means it finds the number of sub solutions and each may have number of sub divisions, and solution chosen for exactly one. Backtracking method is a recursive method. Read more about C Programming Language .

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int inc[50],w[50],sum,n;
int promising(int i,int wt,int total)
{
return(((wt+total)>=sum)&&((wt==sum)||(wt+w[i+1]<=sum)));
}
/*
* You can find this program on GitHub
* https://github.com/snadahalli/cprograms/blob/master/subsets.c
*/
void main()
{
int i,j,n,temp,total=0;
clrscr();
printf("n Enter how many numbers:n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("n Enter %d numbers to th set:n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&w[i]);
total+=w[i];
}
printf("n Input the sum value to create sub set:n");
scanf("%d",&sum);
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n-1;j++)
if(w[j]>w[j+1])
{
temp=w[j];
w[j]=w[j+1];
w[j+1]=temp;
}
printf("n The given %d numbers in ascending order:n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d t",w[i]);
if((total<sum))
printf("n Subset construction is not possible");
else
{
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
inc[i]=0;
printf("n The solution using backtracking is:n");
sumset(-1,0,total);
}
getch();
}
void sumset(int i,int wt,int total)
{
int j;
if(promising(i,wt,total))
{
if(wt==sum)
{
printf("n{t");
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
if(inc[j])
printf("%dt",w[j]);
printf("}n");
}
else
{
inc[i+1]=TRUE;
sumset(i+1,wt+w[i+1],total-w[i+1]);
inc[i+1]=FALSE;
sumset(i+1,wt,total-w[i+1]);
}
}
}
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Number System

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C program to implement Depth First Search(DFS)

C program to implement Depth First Search(DFS). Depth First Search is an algorithm used to search the Tree or Graph. DFS search starts from root node then traversal into left child node and continues, if item found it stops other wise it continues. The advantage of DFS is it requires less memory compare to Breadth First Search(BFS).Read more about C Programming Language .

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***********************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int a[20][20],reach[20],n;
void dfs(int v)
{
int i;
reach[v]=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(a[v][i] && !reach[i])
{
printf("n %d->%d",v,i);
dfs(i);
}
}
void main()
{
int i,j,count=0;
clrscr();
printf("n Enter number of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
reach[i]=0;
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
a[i][j]=0;
}
printf("n Enter the adjacency matrix:n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
dfs(1);
printf("n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
if(reach[i])
count++;
}
if(count==n)
printf("n Graph is connected");
else
printf("n Graph is not connected");
getch();
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Breadth First Search (BFS) in C

Breadth First Search/Traversal

C program to implement Breadth First Search(BFS). Breadth First Search is an algorithm used to search a Tree or Graph. BFS search starts from root node then traverses into next level of graph or tree, if item found it stops other wise it continues with other nodes in the same level before moving on to the next level. The algorithm can also be used for just Tree/Graph traversal, without actually searching for a value. This is what being done in the program below. The disadvantage of BFS is it requires more memory compare to Depth First Search(DFS).

The Program

#include<stdio.h>
int a[20][20], q[20], visited[20], n, i, j, f = 0, r = -1;
void bfs(int v) {
for(i = 1; i <= n; i++)
if(a[v][i] && !visited[i])
q[++r] = i;
if(f <= r) {
visited[q[f]] = 1;
bfs(q[f++]);
}
}
void main() {
int v;
printf("\n Enter the number of vertices:");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i=1; i <= n; i++) {
q[i] = 0;
visited[i] = 0;
}
printf("\n Enter graph data in matrix form:\n");
for(i=1; i<=n; i++) {
for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n Enter the starting vertex:");
scanf("%d", &v);
bfs(v);
printf("\n The node which are reachable are:\n");
for(i=1; i <= n; i++) {
if(visited[i])
printf("%d\t", i);
else {
printf("\n Bfs is not possible. Not all nodes are reachable");
break;
}
}
}
view raw bfs.c hosted with ❤ by GitHub

Sample Output

BFS in C

The graph’s matrix representation is used as input to our program. A value of 1 at [i][j] represents presence of a path from i to j. 0 represents no path.

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C Program to find the Inverse of the Matrix.

C Program to find the Inverse of a Matrix. To find the Matrix Inverse, matrix should be a square matrix and Matrix Determinant is should not Equal to Zero. if A is a Square matrix and |A|!=0, then AA’=I (I Means Identity Matrix). Read more about C Programming Language .

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***********************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
float detrminant(float[][], float);
void cofactors(float[][], float);
void trans(float[][], float[][], float);
main() {
float a[25][25], n, d;
int i, j;
printf("Enter the order of the matrix:n");
scanf("%f", &n);
printf("Enter the elemnts into the matrix:n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
scanf("%f", &a[i][j]);
}
}
d = detrminant(a, n);
printf("nTHE DETERMINANT IS=%2f", d);
if (d == 0)
printf("nMATRIX IS NOT INVERSIBLEn");
else
cofactors(a, n);
}

float detrminant(float a[25][25], float k) {
float s = 1, det = 0, b[25][25];
int i, j, m, n, c;
if (k == 1) {
return (a[0][0]);
} else {
det = 0;
for (c = 0; c < k; c++) {
m = 0;
n = 0;
for (i = 0; i < k; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < k; j++) {
b[i][j] = 0;
if (i != 0 && j != c) {
b[m][n] = a[i][j];
if (n < (k - 2))
n++;
else {
n = 0;
m++;
}
}
}
}
det = det + s * (a[0][c] * detrminant(b, k - 1));
s = -1 * s;
}
}
return (det);
}

void cofactors(float num[25][25], float f) {
float b[25][25], fac[25][25];
int p, q, m, n, i, j;
for (q = 0; q < f; q++) {
for (p = 0; p < f; p++) {
m = 0;
n = 0;
for (i = 0; i < f; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < f; j++) {
b[i][j] = 0;
if (i != q && j != p) {
b[m][n] = num[i][j];
if (n < (f - 2))
n++;
else {
n = 0;
m++;
}
}
}
}
fac[q][p] = pow(-1, q + p) * detrminant(b, f - 1);
}
}
trans(num, fac, f);
}

void trans(float num[25][25], float fac[25][25], float r)

{
int i, j;
float b[25][25], inv[25][25], d;
for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < r; j++) {
b[i][j] = fac[j][i];
}
}

d = detrminant(num, r);
inv[i][j] = 0;
for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < r; j++) {
inv[i][j] = b[i][j] / d;
}
}

printf("nTHE INVERSE OF THE MATRIX:n");
for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < r; j++) {
printf("t%2f", inv[i][j]);
}
printf("n");
}
}
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C Program to implement Dijkstra’s algorithm.

C Program to implement Dijkstra’s algorithm. Dijkstra’s Algorithm finds the shortest path with the lower cost in a Graph. Dijkstra’s Algorithm solves the Single Source Shortest Path problem for a Graph. It is a Greedy algorithm and similar to Prim’s algorithm. Read more about C Programming Language .


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* for personal and learning purposes. For permissions to use the
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* and browse!
*
* Happy Coding
***********************************************************/

#include "stdio.h"
#include "conio.h"
#define infinity 999

void dij(int n,int v,int cost[10][10],int dist[])
{
int i,u,count,w,flag[10],min;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
flag[i]=0,dist[i]=cost[v][i];
count=2;
while(count<=n)
{
min=99;
for(w=1;w<=n;w++)
if(dist[w]<min && !flag[w])
min=dist[w],u=w;
flag[u]=1;
count++;
for(w=1;w<=n;w++)
if((dist[u]+cost[u][w]<dist[w]) && !flag[w])
dist[w]=dist[u]+cost[u][w];
}
}

void main()
{
int n,v,i,j,cost[10][10],dist[10];
clrscr();
printf("n Enter the number of nodes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("n Enter the cost matrix:n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]);
if(cost[i][j]==0)
cost[i][j]=infinity;
}
printf("n Enter the source matrix:");
scanf("%d",&v);
dij(n,v,cost,dist);
printf("n Shortest path:n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(i!=v)
printf("%d->%d,cost=%dn",v,i,dist[i]);
getch();
}
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C Program to solve Knapsack problem

C Program to solve Knapsack problem. Knapsack problem is also called as rucksack problem. In Knapsack problem, given a set items with values and weights and a limited weight bag . We have to find the optimum solution so that, in minimum cost(value) fill the bag with the maximum weight. Read more about C Programming Language .

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* and browse!
*
* Happy Coding
***********************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int w[10],p[10],v[10][10],n,i,j,cap,x[10]={0};
int max(int i,int j)
{
return ((i>j)?i:j);
}
int knap(int i,int j)
{
int value;
if(v[i][j]<0)
{
if(j<w[i])
value=knap(i-1,j);
else
value=max(knap(i-1,j),p[i]+knap(i-1,j-w[i]));
v[i][j]=value;
}
return(v[i][j]);
}
void main()
{
int profit,count=0;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter the number of elementsn");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the profit and weights of the elementsn");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("For item no %dn",i);
scanf("%d%d",&p[i],&w[i]);
}
printf("nEnter the capacity n");
scanf("%d",&cap);
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
for(j=0;j<=cap;j++)
if((i==0)||(j==0))
v[i][j]=0;
else
v[i][j]=-1;
profit=knap(n,cap);
i=n;
j=cap;
while(j!=0&&i!=0)
{
if(v[i][j]!=v[i-1][j])
{
x[i]=1;
j=j-w[i];
i--;
}
else
i--;
}
printf("Items included aren");
printf("Sl.notweighttprofitn");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(x[i])
printf("%dt%dt%dn",++count,w[i],p[i]);
printf("Total profit = %dn",profit);
getch();
}
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Binary To Decimal in C

C Program to convert a binary number into its equivalent Decimal. In binary number system or base-2 system numeric valuer are represented by using two different symbols 0 and 1. The binary number system is a positional notation with a radix of 2.

Read more here: What are binary, octal, and hexadecimal notation?

This program converts a given base-2 number to it’s decimal equivalent (or base-10 representation).

The Program

#include<stdio.h>
/*
* Function to convert a given binary number to
* its decimal equivalent.
*/
int binary_to_decimal(int num) {
int rem, base = 1, decimal_number = 0;
while( num > 0) {
rem = num % 10;
if((rem == 0) || (rem == 1)) {
decimal_number = decimal_number + rem * base;
num = num / 10 ;
base = base * 2;
} else {
return -1; // Invalid binary number
}
}
return decimal_number;
}
int main() {
long int binary_number, decimal_number;
printf("Enter any binary number : ");
scanf("%ld", &binary_number);
decimal_number = binary_to_decimal(binary_number);
if(decimal_number != -1) {
printf("The decimal equivalent value of binary %ld is: %ld",
binary_number, decimal_number);
} else {
printf("\nPlease enter a valid binary number!");
}
return 0;
}

Sample Output

Binary To Decimal

 

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Edit1: 21st August 2017

  • Added links to related programs
  • Added a screenshot of sample output
  • Moved program to it’s own gist.

 

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C Program to count number of characters in the file

C Program to count number of characters in the file. In this program you can learn c file operations. Here we counting the characters by reading the characters in the file one by one and if read character was not an ‘n’ ,’t’ or EOF, it increments the counter by one. Read more about C Programming Language .

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* programs for commercial purposes,
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*
* Happy Coding
***********************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char ch;
int count=0;
FILE *fptr;
clrscr();
fptr=fopen("text.txt","w");
if(fptr==NULL)
{
printf("File can't be createda");
getch();
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter some text and press enter key:n");
while((ch=getche())!='r')
{
fputc(ch,fptr);
}
fclose(fptr);
fptr=fopen("text.txt","r");
printf("nContents of the File is:");
while((ch=fgetc(fptr))!=EOF)
{
count++;
printf("%c",ch);
}
fclose(fptr);
printf("nThe number of characters present in file is: %d",count);
getch();
}

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C Program to Demonstrate the increment and decrement operators

C program which demonstrates the working of increment(++) and decrement(–) operators. Increment operator ++ adds 1 to its operand and Decrement operator — subtracts 1 from its operand.

These operators may be used either as a prefix operator or post-fix operator. Read more here: Increment and decrement operators

The Program

/* C Program to demonstrate increment and decrement operators */
main()
{
/*
* ++i -> i incremented before i is used.
* --i -> i decremented before i is used.
* j++ -> j is incremented AFTER j has been used.
* j-- -> j is decremented AFTER j has been used.
*/
int i=1,j=1;
puts("\tDemo 1");
printf("\t%d %d\n",++i, j++); /* O/P 2 1 */
printf("\t%d %d\n",i, j); /* O/P 2 2 */
i=1; j=1;
puts("\n\tDemo 2");
printf("\t%d \n", i=j++); /* O/P 1 */
printf("\t%d \n", i=++j); /* O/P 3 */
i = 0; j = 0;
puts("\n\tDemo 3");
if ( (i++ == 1) && (j++ == 1)) puts("Some text");
/* Will i and j get incremented? The answer is NO! Because
* the expression in the left of '&&' resolves to false the
* compiler does NOT execute the expression on the right and
* so 'j' does not get executed!!!!! */
printf("\t%d %d\n",i, j); /* O/P 1 0 */
}

Sample Output

Increment and decrement operators in c

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Airthmatic Operators
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C Program to find GCD and LCM using Recursion

C Program to find the GCD and LCM. In this program we used the Recursion method. Recursion is the programming technique that a process invoking itself again and again. Here find_gcd() and find_(lcm) are the recursive methods. for example LCM and GCD of 8,12 is 24 and 4 Read more about C Programming Language .

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* for personal and learning purposes. For permissions to use the
* programs for commercial purposes,
* contact [email protected]
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* and browse!
*
* Happy Coding
***********************************************************/

/*
* http://www.c-program-example.com/2011/10/c-program-to-find-gcd-and-lcm-using.html
*/

/* Find this on GitHub:
* https://github.com/snadahalli/cprograms/blob/master/gcd_lcm_rec.c
*/

#include "stdio.h"
int find_gcd(int,int);
int find_lcm(int,int);
int main(){
int num1,num2,gcd,lcm;
printf("nEnter two numbers:n ");
scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2);
gcd=find_gcd(num1,num2);

printf("nnGCD of %d and %d is: %dnn",num1,num2,gcd);

if(num1>num2)
lcm = find_lcm(num1,num2);
else
lcm = find_lcm(num2,num1);

printf("nnLCM of %d and %d is: %dnn",num1,num2,lcm);
return 0;
}

int find_gcd(int n1,int n2){
while(n1!=n2){
if(n1>n2)
return find_gcd(n1-n2,n2);
else
return find_gcd(n1,n2-n1);
}
return n1;
}

int find_lcm(int n1,int n2){

static int temp = 1;

if(temp % n2 == 0 && temp % n1 == 0)
return temp;
temp++;
find_lcm(n1,n2);

return temp;
}
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